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+91 7026222222Copyright @ 2026. All Rights Reserved
+91 7026222222Copyright @ 2026. All Rights Reserved
+91 7026222222Copyright @ 2026. All Rights Reserved
+91 7026222222Copyright @ 2026. All Rights Reserved
Aug 31, 2026
|
2 min
Dark patches on the cheeks, forehead, nose or upper lip can be frustrating—especially when they seem to appear without warning. What is melasma, and why does it keep coming back?
Melasma is a common, acquired pigmentation disorder in which the skin produces excess melanin, leading to symmetrical brown or grey-brown patches, most often on the face. It is not dangerous or contagious, but it can be persistent and may affect confidence and quality of life.
The melasma meaning is best understood as a chronic form of facial hyperpigmentation associated with increased and uneven melanin production.
It commonly appears on areas exposed to sunlight, particularly the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip. Melasma is more frequently seen in women and people with darker skin tones, although anyone can develop it.
There isn't one single answer to melasma causes. It develops through an interaction between genetic tendency, hormones, sunlight and changes within the skin.
· Sun and visible-light exposure: UV radiation is a major trigger and can worsen existing pigmentation.
· Hormonal changes: Pregnancy and hormonal medications, including some contraceptives, may contribute.
· Genetic susceptibility: A family history can increase the likelihood of developing melasma.
· Skin inflammation: Irritation or certain cosmetic procedures may aggravate pigmentation in susceptible skin.
This is why treating melasma is rarely just about “lightening” the skin. Its biology is more complex.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as flat, irregularly shaped patches that are darker than the surrounding skin.
The pigmentation is generally symmetrical, meaning similar areas on both sides of the face may be affected. The colour can range from light brown to deeper brown or grey-brown depending on the individual and the depth of pigmentation.
A dermatologist can distinguish melasma from other causes of facial pigmentation through clinical examination and, when needed, additional assessment.
One common question is the difference between pigmentation and melasma.
“Pigmentation” is a broad term describing changes in skin colour caused by increased, decreased or uneven melanin. Melasma is one specific pigmentation disorder.
Dark spots after acne, freckles, sunspots and pigmentation following inflammation are not necessarily melasma. Because treatment varies according to the cause, identifying the type of pigmentation is an important first step.
There is currently no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and recurrence is common. However, effective treatment can significantly reduce pigmentation and help maintain clearer-looking skin.
Consistent sun protection is the foundation of melasma treatment.
A dermatologist may recommend broad-spectrum sunscreen along with shade, protective clothing and hats. Tinted sunscreens containing iron oxides can offer additional protection against visible light, which can also contribute to melasma.
Depending on the individual, dermatologists may recommend topical agents that reduce melanin production or transfer. Hydroquinone, retinoids, azelaic acid and combination formulations are among the therapies studied and used in clinical practice.
Treatment should be personalised because the right option depends on skin type, severity, pregnancy status, previous treatments and risk of irritation.
Chemical peels, microneedling and selected laser or light-based procedures may be considered when topical treatment alone is insufficient.
However, procedures are not automatically better. Melasma can recur, and aggressive treatment may sometimes worsen pigmentation, particularly in susceptible skin. A dermatologist should determine whether a procedure is appropriate.
You may not be able to eliminate every risk factor, but you can reduce triggers.
1. Protect your skin every day: Use appropriate broad-spectrum sunscreen and reapply when needed, especially during prolonged outdoor exposure.
2. Limit direct sun exposure: Seek shade and consider hats or protective clothing when outdoors.
3. Avoid unnecessary skin irritation: Harsh products and procedures that inflame the skin may aggravate pigmentation.
4. Stay consistent: Melasma management is usually a long-term process. Stopping treatment and photoprotection after improvement can allow pigmentation to return.
If facial pigmentation is persistent, spreading, recurring or affecting your confidence, consider a dermatology consultation rather than trying multiple lightening products on your own.
Melasma can be managed—but it needs the right diagnosis, realistic expectations and consistent care.
Frequently Asked Questions
Melasma is a common pigmentation disorder that causes flat, darker patches on the skin, most often on the face. It commonly affects the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as symmetrical brown, grey-brown or darker patches with irregular borders. It most commonly occurs on areas of the face exposed to sunlight.
Melasma causes are associated with several factors, including sun and visible-light exposure, hormonal changes, genetic susceptibility and skin inflammation. More than one factor may contribute.
Pigmentation is a broad term describing changes in skin colour, while melasma is a specific pigmentation disorder. Dark spots caused by acne, inflammation, freckles or sun damage are not necessarily melasma.
There is no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and pigmentation can return. However, consistent sun protection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve its appearance and help manage recurrence.
Melasma treatment may include sun protection, topical medicines and, for selected patients, procedures such as chemical peels or certain laser-based treatments. A dermatologist should determine the most appropriate approach.
Yes. Consistent protection from ultraviolet and visible light can help prevent melasma from worsening and may reduce recurrence after treatment. Your dermatologist can recommend suitable photoprotection for your skin.
Consider a dermatology consultation if facial pigmentation persists, spreads, repeatedly returns or does not improve with routine skincare. Correct diagnosis is important because different pigmentation conditions require different treatments.
1. Handel AC, Lima PB, Tonolli VM, et al. Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case-control study. British Journal of Dermatology. 2014;171:588–594.
2. Passeron T, Picardo M. Melasma: a photobiological disease. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 2018.
3. Miot HA, et al. Update on Melasma—Part I: Pathogenesis. Annals of Dermatology. 2022.
4. Ogbechie-Godec OA, Elbuluk N. Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2017.
5. Kwon SH, et al. The pathogenesis of melasma and implications for treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.
6. Passeron T, et al. Melasma: The need for tailored photoprotection to improve clinical outcomes. 2022.
7. Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II—treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.
8. Jo JY, Chae SJ, Ryu HJ. Update on Melasma Treatments. Annals of Dermatology. 2024;36(3):125–134.
9. Topical and Systemic Therapies in Melasma: A Systematic Review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2023.
10. Philipp-Dormston WG. Melasma: A Step-by-Step Approach Towards a Multimodal Combination Therapy. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2024;17:1203–1216.
Aug 31, 2026
|
2 min
Dark patches on the cheeks, forehead, nose or upper lip can be frustrating—especially when they seem to appear without warning. What is melasma, and why does it keep coming back?
Melasma is a common, acquired pigmentation disorder in which the skin produces excess melanin, leading to symmetrical brown or grey-brown patches, most often on the face. It is not dangerous or contagious, but it can be persistent and may affect confidence and quality of life.
The melasma meaning is best understood as a chronic form of facial hyperpigmentation associated with increased and uneven melanin production.
It commonly appears on areas exposed to sunlight, particularly the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip. Melasma is more frequently seen in women and people with darker skin tones, although anyone can develop it.
There isn't one single answer to melasma causes. It develops through an interaction between genetic tendency, hormones, sunlight and changes within the skin.
· Sun and visible-light exposure: UV radiation is a major trigger and can worsen existing pigmentation.
· Hormonal changes: Pregnancy and hormonal medications, including some contraceptives, may contribute.
· Genetic susceptibility: A family history can increase the likelihood of developing melasma.
· Skin inflammation: Irritation or certain cosmetic procedures may aggravate pigmentation in susceptible skin.
This is why treating melasma is rarely just about “lightening” the skin. Its biology is more complex.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as flat, irregularly shaped patches that are darker than the surrounding skin.
The pigmentation is generally symmetrical, meaning similar areas on both sides of the face may be affected. The colour can range from light brown to deeper brown or grey-brown depending on the individual and the depth of pigmentation.
A dermatologist can distinguish melasma from other causes of facial pigmentation through clinical examination and, when needed, additional assessment.
One common question is the difference between pigmentation and melasma.
“Pigmentation” is a broad term describing changes in skin colour caused by increased, decreased or uneven melanin. Melasma is one specific pigmentation disorder.
Dark spots after acne, freckles, sunspots and pigmentation following inflammation are not necessarily melasma. Because treatment varies according to the cause, identifying the type of pigmentation is an important first step.
There is currently no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and recurrence is common. However, effective treatment can significantly reduce pigmentation and help maintain clearer-looking skin.
Consistent sun protection is the foundation of melasma treatment.
A dermatologist may recommend broad-spectrum sunscreen along with shade, protective clothing and hats. Tinted sunscreens containing iron oxides can offer additional protection against visible light, which can also contribute to melasma.
Depending on the individual, dermatologists may recommend topical agents that reduce melanin production or transfer. Hydroquinone, retinoids, azelaic acid and combination formulations are among the therapies studied and used in clinical practice.
Treatment should be personalised because the right option depends on skin type, severity, pregnancy status, previous treatments and risk of irritation.
Chemical peels, microneedling and selected laser or light-based procedures may be considered when topical treatment alone is insufficient.
However, procedures are not automatically better. Melasma can recur, and aggressive treatment may sometimes worsen pigmentation, particularly in susceptible skin. A dermatologist should determine whether a procedure is appropriate.
You may not be able to eliminate every risk factor, but you can reduce triggers.
1. Protect your skin every day: Use appropriate broad-spectrum sunscreen and reapply when needed, especially during prolonged outdoor exposure.
2. Limit direct sun exposure: Seek shade and consider hats or protective clothing when outdoors.
3. Avoid unnecessary skin irritation: Harsh products and procedures that inflame the skin may aggravate pigmentation.
4. Stay consistent: Melasma management is usually a long-term process. Stopping treatment and photoprotection after improvement can allow pigmentation to return.
If facial pigmentation is persistent, spreading, recurring or affecting your confidence, consider a dermatology consultation rather than trying multiple lightening products on your own.
Melasma can be managed—but it needs the right diagnosis, realistic expectations and consistent care.
Frequently Asked Questions
Melasma is a common pigmentation disorder that causes flat, darker patches on the skin, most often on the face. It commonly affects the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as symmetrical brown, grey-brown or darker patches with irregular borders. It most commonly occurs on areas of the face exposed to sunlight.
Melasma causes are associated with several factors, including sun and visible-light exposure, hormonal changes, genetic susceptibility and skin inflammation. More than one factor may contribute.
Pigmentation is a broad term describing changes in skin colour, while melasma is a specific pigmentation disorder. Dark spots caused by acne, inflammation, freckles or sun damage are not necessarily melasma.
There is no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and pigmentation can return. However, consistent sun protection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve its appearance and help manage recurrence.
Melasma treatment may include sun protection, topical medicines and, for selected patients, procedures such as chemical peels or certain laser-based treatments. A dermatologist should determine the most appropriate approach.
Yes. Consistent protection from ultraviolet and visible light can help prevent melasma from worsening and may reduce recurrence after treatment. Your dermatologist can recommend suitable photoprotection for your skin.
Consider a dermatology consultation if facial pigmentation persists, spreads, repeatedly returns or does not improve with routine skincare. Correct diagnosis is important because different pigmentation conditions require different treatments.
1. Handel AC, Lima PB, Tonolli VM, et al. Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case-control study. British Journal of Dermatology. 2014;171:588–594.
2. Passeron T, Picardo M. Melasma: a photobiological disease. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 2018.
3. Miot HA, et al. Update on Melasma—Part I: Pathogenesis. Annals of Dermatology. 2022.
4. Ogbechie-Godec OA, Elbuluk N. Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2017.
5. Kwon SH, et al. The pathogenesis of melasma and implications for treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.
6. Passeron T, et al. Melasma: The need for tailored photoprotection to improve clinical outcomes. 2022.
7. Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II—treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.
8. Jo JY, Chae SJ, Ryu HJ. Update on Melasma Treatments. Annals of Dermatology. 2024;36(3):125–134.
9. Topical and Systemic Therapies in Melasma: A Systematic Review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2023.
10. Philipp-Dormston WG. Melasma: A Step-by-Step Approach Towards a Multimodal Combination Therapy. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2024;17:1203–1216.
Aug 31, 2026
|
2 min
Dark patches on the cheeks, forehead, nose or upper lip can be frustrating—especially when they seem to appear without warning. What is melasma, and why does it keep coming back?
Melasma is a common, acquired pigmentation disorder in which the skin produces excess melanin, leading to symmetrical brown or grey-brown patches, most often on the face. It is not dangerous or contagious, but it can be persistent and may affect confidence and quality of life.
The melasma meaning is best understood as a chronic form of facial hyperpigmentation associated with increased and uneven melanin production.
It commonly appears on areas exposed to sunlight, particularly the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip. Melasma is more frequently seen in women and people with darker skin tones, although anyone can develop it.
There isn't one single answer to melasma causes. It develops through an interaction between genetic tendency, hormones, sunlight and changes within the skin.
· Sun and visible-light exposure: UV radiation is a major trigger and can worsen existing pigmentation.
· Hormonal changes: Pregnancy and hormonal medications, including some contraceptives, may contribute.
· Genetic susceptibility: A family history can increase the likelihood of developing melasma.
· Skin inflammation: Irritation or certain cosmetic procedures may aggravate pigmentation in susceptible skin.
This is why treating melasma is rarely just about “lightening” the skin. Its biology is more complex.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as flat, irregularly shaped patches that are darker than the surrounding skin.
The pigmentation is generally symmetrical, meaning similar areas on both sides of the face may be affected. The colour can range from light brown to deeper brown or grey-brown depending on the individual and the depth of pigmentation.
A dermatologist can distinguish melasma from other causes of facial pigmentation through clinical examination and, when needed, additional assessment.
One common question is the difference between pigmentation and melasma.
“Pigmentation” is a broad term describing changes in skin colour caused by increased, decreased or uneven melanin. Melasma is one specific pigmentation disorder.
Dark spots after acne, freckles, sunspots and pigmentation following inflammation are not necessarily melasma. Because treatment varies according to the cause, identifying the type of pigmentation is an important first step.
There is currently no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and recurrence is common. However, effective treatment can significantly reduce pigmentation and help maintain clearer-looking skin.
Consistent sun protection is the foundation of melasma treatment.
A dermatologist may recommend broad-spectrum sunscreen along with shade, protective clothing and hats. Tinted sunscreens containing iron oxides can offer additional protection against visible light, which can also contribute to melasma.
Depending on the individual, dermatologists may recommend topical agents that reduce melanin production or transfer. Hydroquinone, retinoids, azelaic acid and combination formulations are among the therapies studied and used in clinical practice.
Treatment should be personalised because the right option depends on skin type, severity, pregnancy status, previous treatments and risk of irritation.
Chemical peels, microneedling and selected laser or light-based procedures may be considered when topical treatment alone is insufficient.
However, procedures are not automatically better. Melasma can recur, and aggressive treatment may sometimes worsen pigmentation, particularly in susceptible skin. A dermatologist should determine whether a procedure is appropriate.
You may not be able to eliminate every risk factor, but you can reduce triggers.
1. Protect your skin every day: Use appropriate broad-spectrum sunscreen and reapply when needed, especially during prolonged outdoor exposure.
2. Limit direct sun exposure: Seek shade and consider hats or protective clothing when outdoors.
3. Avoid unnecessary skin irritation: Harsh products and procedures that inflame the skin may aggravate pigmentation.
4. Stay consistent: Melasma management is usually a long-term process. Stopping treatment and photoprotection after improvement can allow pigmentation to return.
If facial pigmentation is persistent, spreading, recurring or affecting your confidence, consider a dermatology consultation rather than trying multiple lightening products on your own.
Melasma can be managed—but it needs the right diagnosis, realistic expectations and consistent care.
Frequently Asked Questions
Melasma is a common pigmentation disorder that causes flat, darker patches on the skin, most often on the face. It commonly affects the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as symmetrical brown, grey-brown or darker patches with irregular borders. It most commonly occurs on areas of the face exposed to sunlight.
Melasma causes are associated with several factors, including sun and visible-light exposure, hormonal changes, genetic susceptibility and skin inflammation. More than one factor may contribute.
Pigmentation is a broad term describing changes in skin colour, while melasma is a specific pigmentation disorder. Dark spots caused by acne, inflammation, freckles or sun damage are not necessarily melasma.
There is no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and pigmentation can return. However, consistent sun protection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve its appearance and help manage recurrence.
Melasma treatment may include sun protection, topical medicines and, for selected patients, procedures such as chemical peels or certain laser-based treatments. A dermatologist should determine the most appropriate approach.
Yes. Consistent protection from ultraviolet and visible light can help prevent melasma from worsening and may reduce recurrence after treatment. Your dermatologist can recommend suitable photoprotection for your skin.
Consider a dermatology consultation if facial pigmentation persists, spreads, repeatedly returns or does not improve with routine skincare. Correct diagnosis is important because different pigmentation conditions require different treatments.
1. Handel AC, Lima PB, Tonolli VM, et al. Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case-control study. British Journal of Dermatology. 2014;171:588–594.
2. Passeron T, Picardo M. Melasma: a photobiological disease. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 2018.
3. Miot HA, et al. Update on Melasma—Part I: Pathogenesis. Annals of Dermatology. 2022.
4. Ogbechie-Godec OA, Elbuluk N. Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2017.
5. Kwon SH, et al. The pathogenesis of melasma and implications for treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.
6. Passeron T, et al. Melasma: The need for tailored photoprotection to improve clinical outcomes. 2022.
7. Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II—treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.
8. Jo JY, Chae SJ, Ryu HJ. Update on Melasma Treatments. Annals of Dermatology. 2024;36(3):125–134.
9. Topical and Systemic Therapies in Melasma: A Systematic Review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2023.
10. Philipp-Dormston WG. Melasma: A Step-by-Step Approach Towards a Multimodal Combination Therapy. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2024;17:1203–1216.
Aug 31, 2026
|
2 min
Dark patches on the cheeks, forehead, nose or upper lip can be frustrating—especially when they seem to appear without warning. What is melasma, and why does it keep coming back?
Melasma is a common, acquired pigmentation disorder in which the skin produces excess melanin, leading to symmetrical brown or grey-brown patches, most often on the face. It is not dangerous or contagious, but it can be persistent and may affect confidence and quality of life.
The melasma meaning is best understood as a chronic form of facial hyperpigmentation associated with increased and uneven melanin production.
It commonly appears on areas exposed to sunlight, particularly the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip. Melasma is more frequently seen in women and people with darker skin tones, although anyone can develop it.
There isn't one single answer to melasma causes. It develops through an interaction between genetic tendency, hormones, sunlight and changes within the skin.
· Sun and visible-light exposure: UV radiation is a major trigger and can worsen existing pigmentation.
· Hormonal changes: Pregnancy and hormonal medications, including some contraceptives, may contribute.
· Genetic susceptibility: A family history can increase the likelihood of developing melasma.
· Skin inflammation: Irritation or certain cosmetic procedures may aggravate pigmentation in susceptible skin.
This is why treating melasma is rarely just about “lightening” the skin. Its biology is more complex.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as flat, irregularly shaped patches that are darker than the surrounding skin.
The pigmentation is generally symmetrical, meaning similar areas on both sides of the face may be affected. The colour can range from light brown to deeper brown or grey-brown depending on the individual and the depth of pigmentation.
A dermatologist can distinguish melasma from other causes of facial pigmentation through clinical examination and, when needed, additional assessment.
One common question is the difference between pigmentation and melasma.
“Pigmentation” is a broad term describing changes in skin colour caused by increased, decreased or uneven melanin. Melasma is one specific pigmentation disorder.
Dark spots after acne, freckles, sunspots and pigmentation following inflammation are not necessarily melasma. Because treatment varies according to the cause, identifying the type of pigmentation is an important first step.
There is currently no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and recurrence is common. However, effective treatment can significantly reduce pigmentation and help maintain clearer-looking skin.
Consistent sun protection is the foundation of melasma treatment.
A dermatologist may recommend broad-spectrum sunscreen along with shade, protective clothing and hats. Tinted sunscreens containing iron oxides can offer additional protection against visible light, which can also contribute to melasma.
Depending on the individual, dermatologists may recommend topical agents that reduce melanin production or transfer. Hydroquinone, retinoids, azelaic acid and combination formulations are among the therapies studied and used in clinical practice.
Treatment should be personalised because the right option depends on skin type, severity, pregnancy status, previous treatments and risk of irritation.
Chemical peels, microneedling and selected laser or light-based procedures may be considered when topical treatment alone is insufficient.
However, procedures are not automatically better. Melasma can recur, and aggressive treatment may sometimes worsen pigmentation, particularly in susceptible skin. A dermatologist should determine whether a procedure is appropriate.
You may not be able to eliminate every risk factor, but you can reduce triggers.
1. Protect your skin every day: Use appropriate broad-spectrum sunscreen and reapply when needed, especially during prolonged outdoor exposure.
2. Limit direct sun exposure: Seek shade and consider hats or protective clothing when outdoors.
3. Avoid unnecessary skin irritation: Harsh products and procedures that inflame the skin may aggravate pigmentation.
4. Stay consistent: Melasma management is usually a long-term process. Stopping treatment and photoprotection after improvement can allow pigmentation to return.
If facial pigmentation is persistent, spreading, recurring or affecting your confidence, consider a dermatology consultation rather than trying multiple lightening products on your own.
Melasma can be managed—but it needs the right diagnosis, realistic expectations and consistent care.
Frequently Asked Questions
Melasma is a common pigmentation disorder that causes flat, darker patches on the skin, most often on the face. It commonly affects the cheeks, forehead, nose and upper lip.
Melasma pigmentation usually appears as symmetrical brown, grey-brown or darker patches with irregular borders. It most commonly occurs on areas of the face exposed to sunlight.
Melasma causes are associated with several factors, including sun and visible-light exposure, hormonal changes, genetic susceptibility and skin inflammation. More than one factor may contribute.
Pigmentation is a broad term describing changes in skin colour, while melasma is a specific pigmentation disorder. Dark spots caused by acne, inflammation, freckles or sun damage are not necessarily melasma.
There is no guaranteed permanent cure for melasma, and pigmentation can return. However, consistent sun protection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve its appearance and help manage recurrence.
Melasma treatment may include sun protection, topical medicines and, for selected patients, procedures such as chemical peels or certain laser-based treatments. A dermatologist should determine the most appropriate approach.
Yes. Consistent protection from ultraviolet and visible light can help prevent melasma from worsening and may reduce recurrence after treatment. Your dermatologist can recommend suitable photoprotection for your skin.
Consider a dermatology consultation if facial pigmentation persists, spreads, repeatedly returns or does not improve with routine skincare. Correct diagnosis is important because different pigmentation conditions require different treatments.
1. Handel AC, Lima PB, Tonolli VM, et al. Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case-control study. British Journal of Dermatology. 2014;171:588–594.
2. Passeron T, Picardo M. Melasma: a photobiological disease. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 2018.
3. Miot HA, et al. Update on Melasma—Part I: Pathogenesis. Annals of Dermatology. 2022.
4. Ogbechie-Godec OA, Elbuluk N. Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2017.
5. Kwon SH, et al. The pathogenesis of melasma and implications for treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.
6. Passeron T, et al. Melasma: The need for tailored photoprotection to improve clinical outcomes. 2022.
7. Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II—treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.
8. Jo JY, Chae SJ, Ryu HJ. Update on Melasma Treatments. Annals of Dermatology. 2024;36(3):125–134.
9. Topical and Systemic Therapies in Melasma: A Systematic Review. Dermatology and Therapy. 2023.
10. Philipp-Dormston WG. Melasma: A Step-by-Step Approach Towards a Multimodal Combination Therapy. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2024;17:1203–1216.